According to Sigmund Freud, the pleasure
of laughter makes us indulgent: we can see nothing wrong with the content
of certain "tendentious" jokes, otherwise the pleasure would disappear.
Freud states that there is even a cathartic process in sexual jokes: we
enjoy aggressive tendencies we would be ashamed of in other circumstances.
Some critics of the Restoration argue that the libertinism (often accompanied
by physical violence or verbal abuse) of the comedies of the time is associated
with a similar process. According to Fujimura, the audience’s identification
with the witty rakes liberates them from the potential realization of their
own tendencies out in the real world. Eric Rothstein and Frances Kavenik
argue that Carolean Comedy (1660-1685) was characterized by a "substitutive
design" and a "compromise formation" according to which desire was both
gratified and repressed. These critics focus more on libertinism than on
violence on the stage, but Freud’s hypotheses, which may be associated
with classical theory of comedy, may be applied to the very frequent situation
in Restoration comedy of some characters abusing others. Certainly, some
things are allowed in comedy which would be condemned in the real world;
it is part of the spirit of the genre, especially when it moves toward
farce or the carnivalesque. Besides, who the abused is in a play clearly
matters, and we may feel that some characters really deserve being mistreated.
Still, this is not always the case.
The comedies
of Thomas Durfey, many of which border on farce, are a good example: there
is much slaptick and much libertinism in many of them, but it is not easy
to determine to what extent there is moral judgment in them. J. Douglas
Canfield states that "critics have recognized the moralist in Durfey’s
later comedies but have not known what to do with his earlier ones." Are
Durfey’s early plays merely farcical and his later ones more serious? Are
the earlier ones eulogistic of libertinism (Charles II was an admirer of
Durfey’s plays and songs) whereas the later ones reveal a playwright aware
of a new postrevolutionary and "reformed" order? An instance of violence
that makes us wonder whether farce or satire predominates is that of Sir
Lubberly’s striking his wife, the old Lady Beardly, in The Virtuous Wife
(1679?). This beating of a wife would most probably not be seen as sheer
slapstick were the role of Lady Beardly played by Mrs. Bracegirdle or any
other actress. James Nokes was cast as the old widow to provoke mirth and
soften the violent underside. And yet, although in the real world on the
stage a man is being beaten by another, a conventional situation found
in many of Durfey’s plays, especially in farcical scenes like those involving
Beauford in act IV, the audience may feel that in the fictional realm no
woman, however ugly and vain she may be, deserves such cruelty.